Warning! Parents may seem evasive or inconsistent in their story due to language or cultural differences, or to being embarrassed or afraid relating to some other issue. Cultural/language difficulties may also lead to delayed care. |
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| What are age-appropriate normal sexual behaviors? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children may be injured by domestic violence via:
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Red flags with injuries:
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Parental risk factors:
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Note that many of these signs and symptoms are also seen in common childhood illnesses.
Behavioral clues:
- infants excessive crying or developmental delay
- fear, anxiety, clinging
- phobias
- nightmares, sleeping problems
- bed wetting
- social withdrawal
- hyperactivity
- poor concentration/distractibility
- decreased school performance
- chronic school absenteeism
- speech disorders
- regressive behavior for age
- seems afraid of parent
- eating issues
- depression, passivity
- increased verbal abuse or physically aggressive behavior with others
- destroys or injures objects or pets
- substance abuse
- self-harm such as cutting
- sexualized behavior
- symptoms of PTSD
- avoidance of undressing
- withdrawal to touch, afraid of exam
- overly compliant, especially with difficult or painful parts of the exam
Symptom clues:
- headaches
- abdominal pain, chronic
- abdominal pain, acute – blunt trauma may not show external marks – look for distention, tenderness, absent bowel sounds
- vague somatic complaints, often chronic
- worsening medical problems, such as asthma
- frequent, unexplained sore throat
- abnormal weight gain or loss
- reluctance to use an extremity
- difficulty walking or sitting
- genital discomfort or painful urination or defecation
- unexplained symptoms - look for poisoning, forced ingestion of water, salt (Munchausen by proxy)
- vomiting, irritability or abnormal respiration may represent head trauma
Physical clues (most common manifestations of abuse are found from skin, bone, or CNS):
- poor hygiene
- dressed inappropriately for weather
- failure to thrive, poor weight gain, malnutrition
- lack of care of medical needs; wound care, medication
- see fractures
- dislocations
- see bruising
- defensive injuries on forearms
- bites - human bites are more superficial than animal, and show up better 2-3 days later
- burns – (in 6-20% of abused children) cigarette, rope, immersion, or shape of hot object
- is the severity of the burn consistent with length of contact by history?
- cigarette burns circular, 8-10mm deep, heaped margin - may be confused with impetigo or moxibustion
- stun gun burns occur in pairs, 0.5cm diameter and 5cm apart
- immersion burns have sharp line of demarcation without drip or splash marks
- signs of restraints on axilla or extremities
- trauma to ear
- lacerations
- traumatic hair loss
- facial injuries without good explanation
- oral/dental injuries, such as torn or bruised frenulum, lips, teeth, palate, tongue or oral mucosa
- injuries from non-ambulatory child may be "bottle jamming"
- lacerations or tissue damage to oral structures may come from eating utensils, scalding or caustic liquids
- scarring/bruising at corners of mouth from being gagged
- oral injuries/STDs from forced oral sex
- head injury, mental status change
- retinal hemorrhage
- subdural hematoma
- intra-abdominal trauma, usually to multiple organs
- bruising, tearing, bleeding, discharge from genital or rectal area
- diagnosed STD or pregnancy
[Adapted from multiple sources listed in Resources and References]

